Arbiter Gene (Ownage)

The Arbiter Gene is a 24th, monoploid chromosome somehow linked to Awakening in humans. Whether it's a cause or an effect is unknown, though opinions on this matter can at times be divisive. It is widely used as a marker to identify Awakened humans, as there have been no cases of an ordinary human possessing it, or of the Gene being absent from an Awakened human.

It's not quite clear who coined the term 'Arbiter Gene', though the general belief is that it was a reference to the infalliability of the gene in determining whether or not a person was Awakened. Nothing else needs to be examined, because nothing else is relevant--or so most people believe, in any case. People studying the gene (which is technically a chromosome, but the term Arbiter Gene gained widespread use, much to the frustration of geneticists) caution that little is known about it, but until it proves falliable they're likely to be mostly

Discovery

The Arbiter Gene was first identified (shortly after awakening becomes semi-common), in medical analyses conducted on Awakened humans prior to the (projector incident). This result in a wave of genetic screenings of people believed to be ordinary. In addition to identifying several other Awakened, this revealed that it was always absent from ordinary humans.

The name 'Arbiter Gene', when analyzed, is generally considered to have one of two meanings. The first is the infalliability of the gene in determining whether or not a person is Awakened; it is the first and final authority. The other interpretation is that it references the Gene's seeming ability to dictate and rewrite the structure of the rest of a person's genetic code.

Not enough is known about demons to determine if they have some equivalent to the Arbiter Gene, though general consensus holds it likely.

Characteristics

Human beings generally have 23 chromosomes, each with its own purpose. Thus, 23 is their monoploid number―the number of unique chromosomes in each cell. Humans, like most mammals, are diploid, meaning that they have two sets of each of these chromosomes, one from each parent, for a total of 46. A monoploid chromosome is one which exists in only one of these sets, lacking a partner.

It has been established that the Arbiter Gene is not present from birth. People who have tested negative for its presence have later Awakened, and then been found to possess it. Furthermore, it is impossible to pass it on to one's offspring, as sperm and ova which wind up with this chromosome invariably self-terminate, marginally reducing the fertility of people who possess it.

The Gene typically begins as just that, a single gene that takes up an entire chromosome. It has been observed to change over time, generally doing so as the individual's power develops, and in some cases seems to be responsible for, in some cases altering the person's DNA. The results of this alteration vary, though take the form of anything from mild changes in appearance (although far from a reliable method of identification, it's a documented fact that some particularly potent awakened humans will have no significant physical changes, but odd characteristics like orange eyes, lengthened ears, and the like) to drastic restructuring of one's body (although more common in Thirds, some humans do develop features suchs as claws, tails, fur, and even wings).

Connection to Awakening

It's undeniable that there is some sort of correlation between the Arbiter Gene and human Awakening. All Awakened humans possess the gene, and no humans with the gene are not Awakened. Many people have tried to determine the nature of the cause-and-effect relationship, or even if there is one, with no real success. There are three main theories on how the two phenomenon are related.

• The Hermann-Hiraga Theory is the most popular among the population as a whole, being the first one proposed and generally considered the most easily understandable. It proposes that the Arbiter Gene is a virus brought by the demons when they crossed over to earth, the ability of the gene to transform itself and rewrite other portions of DNA as evidence. According to the theory, the presence of this gene is somehow responsible for the other inexplicable abilities possessed by the Awakened. This theory explains the existence of Vassals through demons making an effort to 'infect' specific humans with advanced strains of the virus. Although there's no evidence for Awakening being contagious, this theory's widespread acceptance has generated that fear among many, and is at least partially responsible for a great deal of the negative sentiment towards Awakened humans.

• The Granger Theory is essentially the opposite of the Hermann-Hiraga theory, stating that the Arbiter Gene's presence is a result of Awakening. This theory is the most popular among people generally considered to be knowledgeable on the subject, though some criticize it as nothing but a fancy way of explaining away a mystery with "It's magic." That said, it's far from inconceivable that the 'magic' of the Awakened could alter a person's genetic makeup, and rather easily explains how the Gene seems to manifest simultaneously in almost every living cell in a person's body. The primary scientific criticism is that that sort of precision is highly unlikely from such a process.

• The Sakharov Theory was named for Russian scientist Kolya Sakharov, despite his protests. Kolya's theory puts forth that while there is an undeniable correlation between the Arbiter Gene and Awakening, this does not mean that one causes the other, or even that they are directly linked. As he pointed out, they could be totally different results of an as of yet unknown cause. His theory is generally unpopular, though a relatively large number of the people actually studying the Arbiter Gene do favor it

Hermann:
Notes: George Hermann created the theory, Hiraga Takashi (long-time friend and colleague) added the virus part
Most popular among people trying to dehumanize awakened
Incubation time: generally countered by the existence of Vassals, and that in turn rebutted by the hypothesis that demons who can cause human Awakening use already well-developed strains of the virus
Flaw in 'time to reach human populations': No greater rate in soldiers, survivors, etc.

Some believe that it's important to cure them, and others simply wish to keep them as far away from normal people as possible.

He considered it arrogant to name a theory after himself, and made a great deal of effort to popularize first Independant Correlation (what it suggests) and then the Petersburg Theory (in memory of the city) as alternate names, both of which failed to gain any sort of widespread public acceptance.